Which document establishes the foundation for judicial review in the United States?

The Constitution establishes the foundation for judicial review in the United States through its structure and specific provisions. Judicial review refers to the ability of the judiciary to examine laws and actions of the executive and legislative branches to ensure they comply with the Constitution. This principle was firmly established in the landmark Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, where Chief Justice John Marshall articulated that it is the duty of the judiciary to interpret what the law is, thereby affirming its role in reviewing legislative actions.

Although other documents mentioned have significance in American history, they do not lay the groundwork for judicial review. The Bill of Rights focuses on individual rights and liberties but does not directly address the powers of the judiciary. The Declaration of Independence outlines the principles of government and individual rights but is not a legal framework governing judicial review. The Federalist Papers, while advocating for the Constitution and explaining its principles, are essentially commentary and not a governing document. Thus, the Constitution remains the key text that provides the legal authority for the process of judicial review, making it the correct answer.